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      • Sri Senbaga Pathippakam

        Sri Senbaga Pathippakam is one of the best publishers in Tamil language. We have published more than 1000 titles including ancient Sangam Tamil literature, research books in Tamil literature and language, mythological books, historical fiction and non-fiction, short stories, cooking books, etc. We also specialize in books for children, bilingual and trilingual dictionaries for the reference of students and general public. We publish Sahitya Academy & Tamilnadu government award winning books. One of our renowned books, 'Thirukkural', a scripture common to every walk of human life irrespective of gender, race or community is a must read for everyone on this planet. It is published in various sizes and design. 'Oviyakkural (Thirukkural with paintings)' portrays Tamil tradition and culture through paintings. Our religious publication about Vainavam and Saivam is popular among scholars. 'Kambar Kavi Inbam' portrays the beauty of poetry as described in Kambar's Ramayanam in Tamil language.

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      • Wise Path Co., Ltd.

        Wise Path Co., Ltd focuses on children education field. We dedicate on using new technology on education contents to make educational tools more interesting and effective. PadKaKa is not only our first product but also the first animation cards in the world. PadKaKa is the most useful tool for 2~6 year old children learning English as a second language.   PadKaKa integrates 3 of kids’ favorite elements: Pad + Cards + Cartoons. PadKaKa is designed as a first language learning tool for kids. One of the key points is the cards.  Kid uses cards to interactively watching corresponding cartoons to learn vocabulary.  When playing PadKaKa, kids choose a card they are curious about, or a favorite, so they will pay attention to the corresponding cartoon. As a result, they learn much better.

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      • Trusted Partner
        April 2021

        RNAi for Plant Improvement and Protection

        by Bruno Mezzetti, Jeremy Sweet, Lorenzo Burgos

        RNA interference (RNAi) has the potential to make major contributions towards sustainable crop production and protection with minimal environmental impacts compared to other technologies. RNAi is being developed and exploited both within plants (i.e. host-induced gene silencing, HIGS) and/or as topical applications (e.g. spray-induced gene silencing, SIGS) for targeting pest and pathogen genes and for manipulating endogenous gene expression in plants. Chapters by international experts review current knowledge on RNAi, methods for developing RNAi systems in GM plants and applications for crop improvement, crop production and crop protection. Chapters examine both endogenous systems in GM plants and exogenous systems where interfering RNAs are applied to target plants, pests and pathogens. The biosafety of these different systems is examined and methods for risk assessment for food, feed and environmental safety are discussed. Finally, aspects of the regulation of technologies exploiting RNAi and the socio-economic impacts of RNAi technologies are discussed. Chapter 1: Introduction to RNAi in Plant Production and Protection. Bruno Mezzetti, Jeremy Sweet and Lorenzo Burgos Chapter 2: Gene silencing to induce pathogen-derived resistance in plants. Zhen Liao, Elena Zuriaga, Ángela Polo and Maria L. Badenes Chapter 3: Exogenous application of small RNAs as a tool for gene function discovering. Barbara Molesini and Tiziana Pandolfini Chapter 4: The “Trojan Horse” approach for successful RNA interference in inscects. Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kolliopoulou and Luc Swevers. Chapter 5: Biogenesis and functional RNAi in fruit-trees. Michel Ravelonandro and Pascal Briard Chapter 6: Gene silencing or gene editing: the pros and cons. Huw D Jones Chapter 7: Application of RNAi technology in Forest Trees. Matthias Fladung, Hely Haggman and S. Sutela Chapter 8: Host-induced gene silencing and spray-induced gene silencing for crop protection against viruses. Angela Ricci, Silvia Sabbadini, Laura Miozzi, Bruno Mezzetti and Emanuela Noris. Chapter 9: Small talk and large impact: the importance of small RNA molecules in the fight of plant diseases. Kristian Persson Hodén and Christina Dixelius Chapter 10: dsRNA stability during external applications – an overview. Ivelin Pantchev, Goritsa Rakleova and Atanas Atanassov Chapter 11: Boosting dsRNA delivery in plant and insect cells with peptide- and polymer-based carriers: cases-based current status and future perspectives. Kristof de Schutter, Olivier Christiaens, Clauvis Nji Tizi Taning and Guy Smagghe Chapter 12: Environmental safety assessment of RNAi plants for pest control. Salvatore Arpaia, Olivier Christiaens, Paul Henning Krogh, Kimberly Parker and Jeremy Sweet Chapter 13: Food and feed safety assessment of RNAi plants and products. Hanspeter Naegeli, Gijs Kleter and Antje Dietz-Pfeilstetter Chapter 14: Regulatory aspects of RNAi in plant production. Werner Schenkel and Achim Gathmann Chapter 15: The Economics of RNAi technology in plant breeding: from the innovation landscape to consumer acceptance. Dario Frisio and Vera Ventura Chapter 16: Communication challenges of RNAi and selected communication messages from iPLANTA for dissemination. Hilde-Gunn Opsahl-Sorteberg

      • Trusted Partner
        Plant pathology & diseases
        February 2010

        Management of Fungal Plant Pathogens

        by Gordon Dryden, Allan T Lisle, Arun Omprakash Arya, Ashok Kumar, Nawal Kishore Dubey, Priyanka Singh, A O Ogaraku, Pramila Tripathi, Marina Sisterna, María Rosa Simón, Sebastian A Stenglein, Neeta Sharma, Abhishek Tripathi, Marta Mónica Astiz Gassó, Silvina Larran, Santiago Schalamuk, S.K. Gond, M S Patil, S Nandy, Analiá Edith Perelló, Prasad R Acharya, María Virginia Moreno, María Cristina Isabel Noelting, Shuzhen Zhang, Anuja Gupta, Gustavo Dal Bello, Saikat Kumar Basu, Cecilia Mónaco, Ayman M H Esh. Edited by Arun Omprakash Arya, Analiá Edith Perelló.

        This book reviews research into pathogenic fungi in a diverse selection of economically important crops, including fruits and cereals. The establishment and management of fungal plant diseases, using conventional and ecofriendly methods is discussed with an emphasis on the use of microorganisms and biotechnology. Chapters also examine the role of microbes in growth promotion, as bioprotectors and bioremediators and presents practical strategies for using microbes as well as botanicals in sustainable agriculture. Providing knowledge of plant-pathogen interactions, management strategies and techniques, this will be a useful resource for students, researchers and extension workers in biology and plant pathology.

      • Trusted Partner
        Molecular biology
        March 2009

        Insect Pathogens

        Molecular Approaches and Techniques

        by Edited by S. Patricia Stock, Itamar Glazer, Noel Boemare, John Vandenberg

        Investigation of insect pathogens is vital to the understanding of biocontrol and insect management within an ecosystem. Faster and more accurate methods of identification and diagnosis have become possible with the implementation of molecular techniques. Advances in genomics and genetic engineering make this manual the most up to date handbook on insect pathogens, with the latest information on methods used to unravel the genomes of pathogens. The book is divided into four sections covering: Identification and Diagnostics, Evolutionary Relationships and Population Genetics, Genomics, and Genetic Engineering. It is essential reading for those studying and researching at the forefront of molecular science and biological management.

      • Trusted Partner
        Mycology, fungi (non-medical)
        August 1998

        Molecular Variability of Fungal Pathogens

        by Edited by Paul Dennis Bridge, Yvonne Couteaudier, John Clarkson

        This volume contains a series of contributions from established European researchers which consider aspects of molecular variability in fungal pathogens. Chapters are derived from a workshop held in Evian, France, in September 1997, supported by the EU Concerted Action Air 3-CT94-2448. The volume is divided into three sections. The first includes contributions which consider and review the major mechanisms involved, the second details specific studies on variability in populations of different fungal pathogens, and the third includes contributions on methods for interpreting such variability. The workshop was intended to bring together methods and understanding from a wide range of fungal pathogens, and this is reflected in the volume where individual contributions include case studies and reviews of populations of fungi pathogenic on insects and nematodes as well as plant and human pathogens. The combination of mechanisms, characterisation and interpretation across a wide range of applied mycology makes this a significant general text for those working on molecular characterisation. The broad spectrum of topics provides a multidisciplinary reference source within mycology and the book will be suitable for postgraduate students and research scientists in applied mycology, including plant pathology, medical mycology and biological control.

      • Trusted Partner
        Mycology, fungi (non-medical)
        March 2012

        Fungal Plant Pathogens

        by Edited by Charles R Lane, Paul Beales, Kelvin J D Hughes.

        Covering the key techniques used when working with fungal plant pathogens, this practical manual deals with recognition of disease symptoms, detection and identification of fungi and methods to characterise them well as curation, quarantine and quality assurance. The book is unique in its practical focus, providing an overview of both traditional and emerging methods and their applications, and detailed protocols on completion techniques such as microscopy, PCR, ELISA, freeze drying and DNA storage. Fungal Plant Pathogens provides a valuable guide to investigating fungal plant diseases and interpreting laboratory findings for postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students, extension plant pathologists, consultants and advisers in agriculture and horticulture and the food supply chain.

      • Trusted Partner
        July 2024

        Biological Control Programmes in Canada, 2013-2023

        by Meghan A. Vankosky, Veronique Martel, Paul K. Abram, Susanna Acheampong, Patrice Audy, Jacob V. Basso, Tracey Baute, Roger L. Becker, Koïchi Beltrando, Andrew M.R. Bennett, Jonathan Bernardo-Santos, Suzanne E. Blatt, Michael K. Bomford, Sébastien Boquel, Patrice Bouchard, Robert S. Bourchier, Susan M. Boyetchko, Andrea M. Brauner, Jacques Brodeur, Luc Brodeur, Rosemarije Buitenhuis, Erin Bullas-Appleton, Naomi Cappuccino, Juli Carrillo, Allan L. Carroll, Haley Catton, Daniel Cormier, Ghislaine Cortat, Jenny S. Cory, Joan E. Cossentine, Isabelle Couture, Massimo Cristofaro, Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate, Carly A. Demers, Pauline S. Deschodt, Peggy L. Dixon, Josée Doyon, Shelby V. Dufton, Tim J Dumonceaux, François Dumont, Marianne Elliott, David J. Ensing, Nadir Erbilgin, Maya Evenden, Diana Catalina Fernandez, José L. Fernández-Triana, Jeffrey G. Fidgen, Annabelle Firlej, Kevin D. Floate, Anne-Marie Fortier, François Fournier, Marc Fournier, Michelle T. Franklin, Annie-Ève Gagnon, Bruno G

        Biological control is an important component of integrated and ecological pest management programmes. Its importance continues to increase as plant protection is challenged with climate change, invasive species, pesticide resistance, de-registration of pesticide active ingredients, and increasing consumer demands for sustainably produced food and fibre. Biological control is highly compatible with organic cropping systems and evolving pest management frameworks, including biovigilance. Canada continues to be a world leader in biological control research, development of biological control policy, and implementation of biological control programmes. This is the sixth volume of a series of books reporting on the status of biological control research and on biological control programmes employed in Canada. This volume features 58 case study chapters that describe the research and progress in implementation of biological control for pests including insects, mites, weeds, and plant pathogens. Topics important to biological control, including policy, emerging technologies, biological control in urban landscapes and future targets for biological control are reviewed. Although the volume focusses on the Canadian biological control experience, the chapters will be of interest to a global audience of researchers and students of biological control, risk assessment, ecology, and pest management. This book Offers a detailed analysis of the state-of-the-art of biological control in Canada. Explains how biological control research is responding to challenges including climate change and invasive alien species. Gives insights in effective risk assessment and pest management. It is a valuable resource for students and researchers of pest management and biological control, and for practitioners and policy-makers needing analysis of the practical implications of using this approach.

      • Trusted Partner
        Science & Mathematics
        November 2023

        Parasites and Biological Invasions

        by Jamie Bojko, Alison M Dunn, April M H Blakeslee

        Biological invasions - the introduction, establishment and spread of invasive alien species - are complex global phenomena that can cause significant environmental, ecological, and economic harm. Along with the direct effects of an invasive host organism, there is the additional threat of co-introduced pathogenic and parasitic species. Co-introduced parasites can affect the success of the invasive organism but can also go on to infect hosts in the new range, resulting in novel ecological interactions and complex impacts. These 'Invasive Parasites' can have profound impacts on the success of a biological invasion, and can pose a significant risk to wildlife, in addition to organisms cultured for agriculture and aquaculture. Compiling information on parasite invasions for the first time, this unique book: - provides an in-depth resource on parasite invasions, revealing the subtleties underlying biological invasions and co-introduced disease; - examines the phenomenon and consequences of parasite release in invaded host communities; - explores parasite invasion impacts, interactions and diagnostic techniques; - includes case studies across a broad range of hosts (plants, vertebrates and invertebrates) and parasites (viruses to large Metazoa), from a plethora of aquatic and terrestrial environments. Authored by leading researchers in the discipline, this new book is a useful tool for helping invasion researchers incorporate disease data into their invasion models, as well a vital resource for researchers, policy makers, and environmental managers that are more generally interested in the myriad consequences of species invasions

      • Trusted Partner
        Animal husbandry
        November 2010

        Zoonotic Pathogens in the Food Chain

        by Edited by Denis O Krause, Stephen Hendrick.

        Beginning with their sources, including manure and animal feed, and detailing their development, spread and transmission to humans, Zoonotic Pathogens in the Food Chain gives an insightful introduction to and epidemiological overview of the problems raised by zoonotic pathogens. The authors specifically examine the attributes of microorganisms that allow potential contamination of food sources and the factors in modern animal production processes that contribute to the risk of infection. Chapters discuss in detail pathogens that have recently emerged as important sources of infection, investigating in depth the implications of avian flu, swine flu, bovine spongiform encephalopathies and Johne's disease for human consumers, and considering where potential mitigation strategies should be focused. With a focus on new trends in animal production, such as organic livestock farming and raw milk consumption, this text provides an interesting and up-to-date reference for researchers, academics and those with an interest in pathology working in the livestock industry.

      • Trusted Partner
        Plant pathology & diseases
        July 2001

        Biotic Interactions in Plant-Pathogen Associations

        by Edited by Michael J Jeger, Nicola J Spence

        Based on a similarly named meeting in December 1999 organised by the British Society for Plant Pathology, this book considers the biology of interactions between host plants and the pathogens that infect them. This important topic has seen some significant advances in the past ten years, especially through the application of molecular techniques, which are extensively covered in this book.

      • Trusted Partner
        Bacteriology (non-medical)
        June 2011

        Stress Response in Pathogenic Bacteria

        by Edited by Stephen Kidd.

        The ability of pathogenic bacteria to adapt to various chemical, biochemical and physical conditions within the human host and their ability to respond to stresses generated in these environments is a central feature of infectious diseases and the outcome of bacterial infection. This book covers the key aspects of this rapidly developing field, including the generation of stresses by the host immune system, bacterial response to reactive chemicals, and adaptation to environmental conditions of anatomical niches such as the gut, mouth and urogenital tract. It also addresses the increasing importance of different metal ions in the pathogenesis and survival of specific bacteria. With chapters by active research experts in the field, the book provides a comprehensive outline of the current understanding of this field, the latest developments and where future research is likely to be directed.

      • Trusted Partner
        Mycology, fungi (non-medical)
        January 1995

        List of Diseases, pathogens and associated fungi of the common bean

        by Edited by David J Allen

        Phytopathological PapersAn annotated list of diseases, pathogens and associated fungi of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Eastern and Southern Africa"

      • Trusted Partner
        Medical microbiology & virology
        June 2010

        Helicobacter pylori in the 21st Century

        by Steffen Backert, Stefan Bereswill, Tom Blanchard, Pelayo Correa, Richard Ferrero, Kwong-Ming Fock, Sara Lindén, Hoda Malaty, Barry Marshall, Francis Megraud, Anthony P Moran, John Nedrud, Karen Robinson, Maria Kaparakis. Edited by Philip Sutton, Hazel Mitchell.

        Helicobacter pylori is a globally significant pathogen that infects half of the population of the world. Its recognition enabled the development of new therapeutic and preventative strategies for serious health conditions such as gastric cancer, of which it is the major causative agent. Providing a broad overview of the current understanding of this pathogen and emphasising its world health impacts, this book explores a range of topics including virulence factors, vaccine development and obstacles, epidemiology, antibiotic resistance and the role of Nod receptors, with a foreword by Barry Marshall, the Nobel Laureate and co-discoverer of H. pylori. It is an essential resource for researchers, students and medics in infectious and Helicobacter-associated diseases.

      • Trusted Partner
        Microbiology (non-medical)
        January 1965

        List of Plant Pathogenic and other Fungi of Cyrenaica (Libya)

        by J Kranz

        Paper detailing the list of Plant Pathogenic and other Fungi related diseases of Cyrenica (libya)

      • Trusted Partner
        Technology, Engineering & Agriculture
        April 2017

        Fish Viruses and Bacteria

        Pathobiology and Protection

        by Patrick T K Woo, Rocco C Cipriano

        Taking a disease-based approach, Fish Viruses and Bacteria: Pathobiology and Protection focuses on the pathobiology of and protective strategies against the most common, major microbial pathogens of economically important marine and freshwater fish. The book covers well-studied, notifiable piscine viruses and bacteria, including new and emerging diseases which can become huge threats to local fish populations in new geographical regions if transported there via infected fish or eggs. A concise but thorough reference work, this book: - Covers key viral and bacterial diseases of notable fish species; - Reviews major well-established piscine pathogens as well as new, emerging and notifiable diseases; and - Contains the most up-to-date research contributed by a team of over fifty world experts. An invaluable bench book for fish health consultants, veterinarians and all those wanting instant access to information, this book is also a useful textbook for students specializing in fish health and research scientists initiating fish disease research programmes. ; Taking a disease-based approach, this book focuses on the pathobiology of and protective strategies against the most common, major microbial pathogens of economically important marine and freshwater fish. It covers well-studied, notifiable piscine viruses and bacteria, including new and emerging diseases. ; 1: Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus, Arun K. Dhar, Scott LaPatra, Andrew Orry and F.C. Thomas Allnutt 2: Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus, Jo-Ann C. Leong and Gael Kurath 3: Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus, John S. Lumsden 4: Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis and European Catfish Virus, Paul Hick, Ellen Ariel and Richard Whittington 5: Oncogenic Viruses: Oncorhynchus masou Virus and Cyprinid Herpesvirus, Mamoru Yoshimizu, Hisae Kasai, Yoshihiro Sakoda, Nanako Sano and Motohiko Sano 6: Infectious Salmon Anaemia, Knut Falk and Maria Aamelfot 7: Spring Viraemia of Carp, Peter Dixon and David Stone 8: Channel Catfish Viral Disease, Larry A. Hanson and Lester H. Khoo 9: Largemouth Bass Viral Disease, Rodman G. Getchell and Geoffrey H. Groocock 10: Koi Herpesvirus Disease, Keith Way and Peter Dixon 11: Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy, Anna Toffan 12: Iridoviral Diseases: Red Sea Bream Iridovirus and White Sturgeon Iridovirus, Yasuhiko Kawato, Kuttichantran Subramaniam, Kazuhiro Nakajima,Thomas Waltzek and Richard Whittington 13: Alphaviruses in Salmonids, Marius Karlsen and Renate Johansen 14: Aeromonas salmonicida and A. hydrophila, Bjarnheidur K. Gudmundsdottir and Bryndis Bjornsdottir 15: Edwardsiella spp., Matt J. Griffin, Terrence E. Greenway and David J. Wise 16: Flavobacterium spp.: F. psychrophilum, F. columnare and F. branchiophilum, Thomas P. Loch and Mohamed Faisal 17: Francisella noatunensis, Esteban M. Soto and John P. Hawke 18: Mycobacterium spp., David T. Gauthier and Martha W. Rhodes 19: Photobacterium damselae, John P. Hawke 20: Piscirickettsia salmonis, Jerri Bartholomew, Kristen D. Arkush and Esteban M. Soto 21: Renibacterium salmoninarum, Diane G. Elliott 22: Streptococcus iniae and S. agalactiae, Craig A. Shoemaker, De-Hai Xu and Esteban M. Soto 23: Vibriosis: Vibrio anguillarum, V. ordalii and Aliivibrio salmonicida, Alicia E. Toranzo, Beatriz Magariños and Ruben Avendaño-Herrera 24: Weissella ceti, Timothy J. Welch, David P. Marancik and Christopher M. Good 25: Yersinia ruckeri, Michael Ormsby and Robert Davies

      • Trusted Partner
        Biotechnology
        April 1997

        Gene-for-Gene Relationship in Plant-Parasite Interactions

        by Edited by Ian R Crute, Eric B Holub, Jeremy J Burdon

        Genetics has transformed plant pathology on two occasions: first when Mendelian genetics enabled the discovery that disease resistance was a heritable trait in plants, and secondly when Flor proposed the “gene-for-gene” hypothesis to explain his observations of plant-parasite interactions, based on his work on flax rust in North Dakota starting in the 1930s. Our knowledge of the genetics of disease resistance and host-pathogen coevolution is now entering a new phase as a result of the cloning of the first resistance genes. This book provides a broad review of recent developments in this important and expanding subject. Both agricultural and natural host-pathogen situations are addressed. While most of the book focuses on plant pathology, in the usual sense of the term embracing fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens, there is also consideration of parasitic plants and a chapter demonstrating lessons to be learnt from the mammalian immune system. Three overall themes are addressed: genetic analyses and utilization of resistance; population genetics; and cell biology and molecular genetics. Chapters are based on papers presented at the British Society for Plant Pathology Presidential meeting held in December 1995, but all have been revised and updated to mid-1996. Written by leading authorities from North America, Europe and Australia, the book represents an essential update for workers in plant genetics, breeding, biotechnology and pathology.

      • Trusted Partner
        Biotechnology
        April 1997

        Genetic and Environmental Manipulation of Horticultural Crops

        by Edited by Ken E Cockshull, D Gray, B Thomas

        Genetics has transformed plant pathology on two occasions: first when Mendelian genetics enabled the discovery that disease resistance was a heritable trait in plants, and secondly when Flor proposed the “gene-for-gene” hypothesis to explain his observations of plant-parasite interactions, based on his work on flax rust in North Dakota starting in the 1930s. Our knowledge of the genetics of disease resistance and host-pathogen coevolution is now entering a new phase as a result of the cloning of the first resistance genes. This book provides a broad review of recent developments in this important and expanding subject. Both agricultural and natural host-pathogen situations are addressed. While most of the book focuses on plant pathology, in the usual sense of the term embracing fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens, there is also consideration of parasitic plants and a chapter demonstrating lessons to be learnt from the mammalian immune system. Three overall themes are addressed: genetic analyses and utilization of resistance; population genetics; and cell biology and molecular genetics. Chapters are based on papers presented at the British Society for Plant Pathology Presidential meeting held in December 1995, but all have been revised and updated to mid-1996. Written by leading authorities from North America, Europe and Australia, the book represents an essential update for workers in plant genetics, breeding, biotechnology and pathology.

      • Trusted Partner
        Plant pathology & diseases
        May 2002

        Verticillium Wilts

        by George F Pegg, Beryl L Brady

        The genus Verticillium Nees represents one of the world's major fungal pathogens, affecting crop plants mostly in the cool and warm temperate regions, it also occurs in sub-tropical and tropical areas. There are some six species which cause severe wilting in trees, herbaceous plants and plantation crops. Other species are responsible for non-wilt diseases of banana and mushroom, another species infects insects.The monograph provides a comprehensive reference source on Verticillium, enabling research workers to see what has already been achieved and to identify the many new areas of research in which original contributions could be made to further the understanding and control of this important pathogen and the disease it causes.

      • Trusted Partner
        Science & Mathematics
        February 2024

        Biology and Integrated Management of Turfgrass Diseases

        by Gary W. Beehag, Nathan R. Walker, Percy T.W. Wong, Jyri Kaapro

        Cultivated turfgrass is an assemblage of mown, perennial grasses or prostrate-growing forb plants and a suite of microbes all competing with each other in a common environment. This book approaches turfgrass diseases from an ecological perspective and explains with examples how wild plants and microbes have co-evolved. It addresses the identification, biology and integrated management of both common turfgrass diseases and newly emergent diseases. It includes the common and lesser-known turfgrass species, their surrounding environment and the range of beneficial and pathogenic microbes which in combination explain why disease occurs. For disease identification purposes, fungal diseases are arranged according to their predominantly cool season and warm season occurrence. Turfgrass bacterial and viral diseases, and plant parasitic nematodes are also covered. Written by a team of international authors, it combines technical expertise and practical experience. Essential for anyone involved in managing turfgrass, this book provides the know-how to identify the early warning signs of diseases, in order to manipulate the environment and minimise the damage.

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