Your Search Results
-
Promoted Content
Technology, Engineering & AgricultureMay 2022Advances in Fig Research and Sustainable Production
by Moshe A Flaishman, Uygun Aksoy
The common fig (Ficus carica L.) is one of the oldest fruits domesticated by humans, and is native to southwest Asia and the Mediterranean. Figs have been associated with health and prosperity since ancient times. They are rich in fibre, potassium, calcium, and iron, as well as being an important source of vitamins, amino acids, and antioxidants. In recent years, increased consumption has caused fig production to shift to new countries such as Mexico, Brazil, India, and China. However, fig is a challenging fruit crop to grow. It is susceptible to insect pests and diseases as well as injuries from abiotic stress during fruit development and ripening. As a delicate fruit it also requires complicated postharvest procedures and climate change presents additional challenges. Comprising 29 chapters written by international experts, the book includes sections on: History Biology and Orchard Management Fruit Ripening and Postharvest Management Pests and Diseases Omics Analysis Cultivars and Breeding Products and Trade. This volume serves as a comprehensive reference for current and future practices of fig production, consumption, research and innovation, and is essential for academic researchers, and those involved in research and development in the fig industry.
-
Promoted Content
August 2001Die Moderne und der Kirchenstaat.
Aufklärung und römisch-katholische Staatlichkeit im Urteil der Geschichtsschreibung vom 18. Jahrhundert bis zur Postmoderne.
by Elm, Veit
-
Trusted Partner
Technology, Engineering & AgricultureSeptember 2020The Pomegranate
Botany, Production and Uses
by Ali Sarkhosh, Alimohammad Yavari, Zabihollah Zamani
The pomegranate, Punica granatum L., is one of the oldest known edible fruits and is associated with ancient civilizations of the Middle East. This is the first comprehensive book covering the botany, production, processing, health, and industrial uses of pomegranate. The cultivation of this fruit for fresh consumption, juice production and medicinal purposes has expanded more than tenfold over the past twenty years. Presenting a review of pomegranate growing from a scientific and horticultural perspective, the book provides information to increase yields and improve short- and medium-term grower profitability and sustainability. It covers: practices to mitigate pests, diseases and abiotic stresses yield based nutrition management cultural practices for cultivars with horticultural traits such as earliness, high yield, improved taste, soft seeds, disease resistance, and low splitting and sunscald rates increasing crop diversity to aid crop security composition, food uses and medicinal uses This book is essential literature for researchers in horticulture, growers, and those involved in the pomegranate industry.
-
Trusted Partner
Technology, Engineering & AgricultureSeptember 2023The Olive
Botany and Production
by Andrea Fabbri, Luciana Baldoni, Tiziano Caruso, Franco Famiani, Giovanni Agosteo, Barbera Giuseppe, Angjelina Belaj, Antonio Belcari, Karim Barkaoui, Giora Ben-Ari, Alon Ben-Gal, Giovanni Benelli, Rita Biasi, Iris Biton, Konstantinos Blazakis, Aureliano Bombarely, Antonio Brunori, Santa Olga Cacciola, Angelo Canale, Giovanni Caruso, Tiziano Caruso, Nicola Cinosi, Arnon Dag, Ran Erel, Daniela Farinelli, Louise Ferguson, Tommaso Ganino, Jesus A Gil-Ribes, Calero José Alfonso Gómez, Riccardo Gucci, Consolación Guerrero, Panagiotis Kalaitzis, Maurizio Lambardi, Lauri Pierre-Eric, Lorenzo León, Bianco Riccardo Lo, Enrico Maria Lodolini, Francisco Luque, Hanene Mairech, Picchi Malayka, Giulia Marino, Roberto Mariotti, Francesco Paolo Marra, G Medina-Alonso, José A Mercado, Maurizio Micheli, Soraya Mousavi, Monji Msallem, Dvora Namdar, Isabel Narváez, Elena Palomo-Ríos, Ruggero Petacchi, Pierluigi Pierantozzi, Malayka Samantha Picchi, Amalia Rosa Maria Piscopo, Fernando Pliego-Alfaro, Primo P
The European or Mediterranean cultivated olive (Olea europaea L., subsp. europaea, var. europaea) is one of the most ancient cultivated fruit tree crops. Today, hundreds of olive varieties are grown to produce high-quality fruit for oil and for table olives consumption. The olive industry has undergone profound innovations in the past 30 years, due to scientific and technical advances, particularly in genomics, breeding, orchard management, mechanization and agro-ecology, although not all these developments are yet available to smaller producers. Olive cultivation has also spread to many countries outside the Mediterranean Basin, where it ihas been traditionally present for over 6,000 years. These new olive-growing countries are experiencing further expansion of the industry, due to increased awareness of the nutritional and health properties of extra virgin olive oil. This book is a much-needed update on olive biology and cultivation, with contributions from leading international experts, and includes: Biology Genetics and breeding Olive propagation and nursery Planting new olive orchards Horticultural management of olive orchards Plant protection Olive by-products (wood, leaves) Multifunctionality of olive groves and ecosystem services The Olive: Botany and Production is invaluable for researchers and students in horticulture and agriculture, as well as producers involved in olive orchard management.
-
Trusted Partner
Technology, Engineering & AgricultureApril 2022The Fig
Botany, Production and Uses
by Ali Sarkhosh, Alimohammad Yavari, Louise Ferguson
The common fig Ficus carica L. is an ancient fruit native to the Mediterranean. Dried figs have been successfully produced and processed in arid regions with little sophisticated infrastructure for centuries. Figs are rich in fibre, trace minerals, polyphenols and vitamins, with higher nutrient levels than most fruits. Advances in agricultural production and postharvest technologies have not only improved the efficiency of dried fig production but have facilitated the development of both local and export high value fresh fig industries. The result is high quality fresh figs marketed internationally throughout the year. This book provides a comprehensive summary of fig growing, processing and marketing from a scientific and horticultural perspective. The nineteen chapters include in-depth discussions of: · History · Physiology · Breeding and Cultivars · Propagation · Site Selection and Orchard Establishment · Nutrition and Irrigation Management · Pollination Management · Integrated Pest Management · Greenhouse Production · Harvesting, Dried and Fresh Fig Processing · The Medicinal Uses of Figs · World Fig Markets The Fig: Botany, Production and Uses is a comprehensive applied resource for academic researchers, also producers, processors, and marketers of dried and fresh figs.
-
Trusted Partner
November 1989Reformbemühungen und Observanzbestrebungen im spätmittelalterlichen Ordenswesen.
(Ordensstudien VI).
by Herausgegeben von Elm, Kaspar
-
Trusted Partner
August 1980
Beiträge zur Geschichte der Konversen im Mittelalter.
(Ordensstudien I).
by Herausgegeben von Elm, Kaspar
-
Trusted Partner
August 1981
Stellung und Wirksamkeit der Bettelorden in der städtischen Gesellschaft.
(Ordensstudien II).
by Herausgegeben von Elm, Kaspar
-
Trusted Partner
February 1992
Erwerbspolitik und Wirtschaftsweise mittelalterlicher Orden und Klöster.
(Ordensstudien VII).
by Herausgegeben von Elm, Kaspar
-
Trusted Partner
Business, Economics & LawMarch 2024Markets and power in digital capitalism
by Philipp Staab
Today's global capitalism runs through digital networks. Its leaders are internet giants such as Google, Apple, Amazon and Tencent. Their technologies are ubiquitous: we carry high-performance computers around in our pockets, manage our lives in the cloud and display them on social media. They have also literally privatised the market, transforming capitalism in the process. Philipp Staab takes us on a virtual tour of modern digital capitalism. He shows how digital surveillance and evaluation practices have proliferated throughout the economy, exacerbating social inequality in the process. What is specific to digital capitalism, Staab argues, is the emergence of 'proprietary markets'. In the past the focus was on producing things and selling them at a profit. Today the meta-platforms extract their profits by owning the market itself.
-
Trusted Partner
February 2007Liebe als Wahnsinn
Die Konzeption der Göttin Venus in den Argonautica des Valerius Flaccus
by Elm von der Osten, Dorothee
-
Trusted Partner
September 2022Night of Lies
by Hanna Bergmann, Moon Notes
In "Night of Lies" von Hanna Bergmann wird die 17-jährige Leah unfreiwillig Schülerin des geheimnisumwobenen Eliteinternats Elm Castle in North Carolina. Schnell findet sie sich in einem Netz aus Lügen, Bedrohungen und Geheimnissen wieder. Ihre Mitbewohnerin Carter zeigt sich ihr gegenüber feindselig, und im Wald begegnet Leah einem blutverschmierten Jungen, der scheinbar verwirrt ist. Nur Reese und der charmante Jasper scheinen Verbündete zu sein in einem Internat, das von den Nachwehen des Verschwindens eines Mädchens zwei Jahre zuvor geprägt ist. Leahs detektivischer Spürsinn ist geweckt, und sie beginnt, die düsteren Geheimnisse von Elm Castle zu entwirren, was sie selbst in Gefahr bringt. "Night of Lies" fesselt mit einer atmosphärisch dichten Erzählung, die Leser*innen in die abgeschiedene und mysteriöse Welt von Elm Castle entführt. Die Geschichte vereint Elemente eines Thrillers mit denen eines Coming-of-Age-Romans, wobei die Protagonistin Leah eine beeindruckende Charakterentwicklung durchmacht. Von einer rebellischen Jugendlichen, die vor den Problemen mit ihrer Familie flieht, wächst sie zu einer mutigen Ermittlerin heran, die bereit ist, für die Aufklärung der Wahrheit erhebliche Risiken einzugehen. Die Handlung besticht durch zahlreiche Wendungen und bietet eine spannende Mischung aus Geheimnissen, übernatürlichen Andeutungen und zwischenmenschlichen Dramen, die bis zum überraschenden Ende Hochspannung garantieren. Fesselnde Atmosphäre: Das Eliteinternat Elm Castle, umgeben von den dunklen Wäldern North Carolinas, bietet den perfekten Schauplatz für eine Geschichte voller Geheimnisse und Spannung. Starke weibliche Protagonistin: Leah ist eine rebellische und mutige Figur, deren Entwicklung von einer Jugendlichen zu einer entschlossenen Ermittlerin die Leser*innen inspiriert und mitreißt. Verschwundene Schüler, unerklärliche Ereignisse und dunkle Geheimnisse halten die Spannung von der ersten bis zur letzten Seite aufrecht. Unerwartete Wendungen: Die Story überrascht mit unvorhersehbaren Plottwists, die sicherstellen, dass man das Buch kaum aus der Hand legen kann. Andeutungen auf übernatürliche Geschehnisse verleihen der Geschichte eine zusätzliche faszinierende Ebene. Eine vielfältige Besetzung von Figuren, von der bedrohlichen Mitbewohnerin bis hin zum charmanten Jasper, bietet eine komplexe soziale Dynamik, die zum Miträtseln einlädt. Neben dem spannenden Thriller-Plot bietet das Buch auch eine tiefgründige Erzählung über Wachstum, Mut und die Suche nach der eigenen Identität. Ideal für Leser*innen, die nach einem packenden Jugendthriller mit starken Charakteren und einer düsteren, geheimnisvollen Atmosphäre suchen. Vielfach gelobt für seine süchtig machende Erzählweise, seinen rasanten Page-Turner-Charakter und die gelungene Mischung aus Spannung und Charakterentwicklung.
-
Trusted Partner
-
Trusted Partner
September 2022Steve Jobs
Little People, Big Dreams. Deutsche Ausgabe | Kinderbuch ab 4 Jahre
by María Isabel Sánchez Vegara, Aura Lewis, Silke Kleemann
Eines Tages kehrte der junge Steve von einem Summer-Camp für neugierige Kids nach Hause zurück. Er hatte da eine riesengroße, geheimnisvolle Maschine gesehen: den ersten Computer. Wenige Jahre später gründete er mit seinem Freund eine Firma, die Garage von Steves Familie wurde zum Headquarter. Dort entstand der erste Apple. Heute blinkt das Äpfelchen überall auf der Welt. Einige Geräte sind so klein, dass man sie sogar in die Jackentasche stecken kann. Little People, Big Dreams erzählt von den beeindruckenden Lebensgeschichten großer Menschen: Jede dieser Persönlichkeiten, ob Philosophin, Forscherin oder Sportler, hat Unvorstellbares erreicht. Dabei begann alles, als sie noch klein waren: mit großen Träumen.
-
Trusted Partner
-
Trusted Partner
Technology, Engineering & AgricultureNovember 2020Sweet Cherries
by Lynn Long, Gregory Lang, Clive Kaiser
This new book provides comprehensive coverage of the history, genetic improvements, production physiology of growth and cropping, orchard establishment and management, and harvest considerations for sustainable cherry production. Sweet cherries are a specialty crop, subject to significant production risks for growers, yet with high potential market returns due to strong consumer demand for the fruit's intensely enjoyable flavour and nutraceutical benefits. Written by a renowned team of experts, this book emphasises the scientific principles underlying cherry production practices. It acts as a resource for a scientific foundational understanding of plant growth and cropping, providing the key to both reasoned choice of orchard practices and the solution of future problems. The book: - Covers improved sweet cherry fruiting varieties and rootstocks. - Describes state-of-the-art tree training and production systems. - Considers production risk management technologies and decisions. Heavily illustrated and presented in full colour throughout, Sweet Cherries is written with practical details and underlying physiological concepts for use by beginning and established fruit growers, consultants, and advisors, with a primary focus on fresh market sweet cherries, in addition to students and professionals in horticulture.
-
Trusted Partner
Humanities & Social SciencesSeptember 2024
Ireland, slavery and the Caribbean
Interdisciplinary perspectives
by Finola O'Kane, Ciarán O'Neill
Ireland, slavery and the Caribbean is a complex and ground-breaking collection of essays. Grounded in history, it integrates perspectives from art historians, architectural and landscape historians, and literary scholars to produce a genuinely interdisciplinary collection that spans from 1620-1830: the high point of European colonialism. By exploring imperial, national and familial relationships from their building blocks of plantation, migration, property and trade, it finds new ways to re-create and question how slavery made the Atlantic world.
-
Trusted Partner
August 2020The Papaya
Botany, Production and Uses
by Sisir Mitra
Papaya (Carica papaya) is an important and widely-cultivated tropical fruit, grown in more than 70 countries of the world. Global papaya production has grown significantly over the last few years, mainly as a result of increased production in India. Papaya has become an important agricultural export for developing countries where export revenues of the fruit provide a livelihood for thousands of people, especially in Asia and Latin America. There have been a number of recent research developments with the potential to improve crop yields and quality. New research has contributed to our understanding of the crop environment, plant growth and physiology of tree and fruit development with implications for both breeding and cultivation. Analysis of the papaya genome promises new, faster breeding techniques to improved cultivars. These and other advances are helping to tackle disease like papaya ring spot viruses and major pests which still cause significant losses. With contributions from international experts, the book presents the current state of knowledge concerning the history, physiology, culture and marketing of papaya throughout the world. It is an essential resource for researchers, growers and all those involved in the papaya industry.
-
Trusted Partner
Technology, Engineering & AgricultureApril 2017The Lime
Botany, Production and Uses
by M. Mumtaz Khan,, Rashid Al-Yahyai, Fahad Al-Said
This book is a comprehensive and up-to-date resource covering the botany, production and uses of limes. The lime is an important fruit crop throughout citrus producing regions of the world, with its own specific benefits, culture and marketplace, but producers face issues affecting successful cultivation and production. The Lime: Botany, Production and Uses contains detailed information on: · Breeding, genetics and biodiversity of limes · Orchard establishment, management and precision agriculture · Pests and diseases, including the latest knowledge regarding current threats such as Witches' Broom Disease and Citrus Greening · Harvesting and postharvest management · Traditional and commercial uses of limes Authored by an international team of experts and presented in full colour throughout, this book is an essential resource for academic researchers and specialist extension workers, in addition to growers and producers involved in the citrus industry. ; This book is a comprehensive and up-to-date resource covering the botany, production and uses of limes. The lime is an important fruit crop throughout citrus producing regions of the world, with its own specific benefits, culture and marketplace, in addition to issues affecting successful cultivation and production ; Chapter 1: Introduction and overview of lime productionChapter 2: Systematic classification distribution and botanyChapter 3: Advances in lime breeding and geneticsChapter 4: Plant growth, development and reproductive PhysiologyChapter 5: Propagation and nursery certificationChapter 6: Planning and orchard establishmentChapter 7: Irrigation managementChapter 8: Cultural practicesChapter 9: Precision agriculture in limeChapter 10: Plant protectionChapter 11: Innovative production technologiesChapter 12: Harvesting and post-harvest managementChapter 13: Traditional/commercial uses and future dynamics
-
Trusted Partner
Business, Economics & LawOctober 2016Europe's Changing Woods and Forests
From Wildwood to Managed Landscapes
by Tibor Hartel, Keith Kirby, Thomas Ranius, Charles Watkins, Peter Buckley, Peter S Savill, Chris Quine, Matthias Bürgi, John Fletcher, Robert Hearn, Martin Hermy, Diego Moreno, Tomasz Samojlik, George Peterken, Xavier Rochel, Per Angelstam, Jim Latham, Emma Goldberg, Roberta Cevasco, Clive Potter, Juha Siitonen, Robert Fuller
Our understanding of the historical ecology of European forests has been transformed in the last twenty years. Bringing together key findings from across the continent, Europe's Changing Woods and Forests: From Wildwood to Managed Landscapes provides a comprehensive account of recent research and the relevance of historical studies to our current conservation and management of forests. Combining theory with a series of regional case studies, this book shows how different aspects of forestry play out according to the landscape and historical context of the local area, with broad implications for woodland history, policy and management. Beginning with an overview of Europe's woods and forests, the book reviews a variety of management techniques (including wood-pastures, coppicing, close-to-nature forestry and the impact of hunting), describes how plants and animals respond to changes in woodland and forest cover, and includes case histories from around the continent. It concludes with a discussion of how lessons learned from the past can help in the future. This book is both a vital resource and an interesting read for foresters, conservationists, landscape historians, geographers and ecologists. ; This book provides a comprehensive account of the relevance of historical studies to current conservation and management of forests. It combines theory with a series of regional case studies to show how different aspects of forestry play out according to the landscape and historical context of the local area. ; I: ContributorsII: PrefaceIII: AcknowledgementsPART 1: Introduction and Overview1.0: Overview of Europe’s woods and forests1.1: Introduction1.2: The current state and composition of European woods and forests1.2.1: European forests in a global context1.2.2: Variation in forest cover across the continent1.2.3: Variation in forest composition1.3: Forestry policy and cooperation at a European level 01.3.1: Forestry policy1.3.2: Conservation measures1.3.3: Landscape and amenity conservation.1.3.4: Certification as an approach to sustainable forestry management1.3.5: Forest research cooperation across Europe1.4: Conclusion1.5: References2.0: Methods and approaches in the study of woodland history2.1: Introduction2.2: Oral history2.3: Photographs and drawings2.4: Biological indicators2.5: Historical records2.6: Preserved wood and dendrochronology2.7: Lidar and GIS2.8: Applying archaeological insights to ecological issues2.9: Pollen and charcoal analysis2.10: Conclusion2.11: References3.0: The forest landscape before farming3.1: Where to begin?3.2: A cold open continent3.3: Trees spread back after the ice3.3.1: Forming a canopy 53.3.2: The wood beneath the trees3.3.3: Molecular markers for re-colonisation routes.3.4: A holey blanket of trees3.5: The role of large herbivores, particularly bison, wild horse and aurochs3.6: People in the landscape: the trees in retreat3.7: References4.0: Evolution of modern landscapes4.1: Introduction4.2: The emergence of woodland management4.3: Changes in forest extent and distribution4.3.1: Reductions in forest cover4.3.2: Increases as well as decreases4.3.3: Patterns of clearance and survival4.3.4: The ecological consequences of a patchy landscape4.4: Changes in structure and composition through management4.5: Deliberate modification of the tree and shrub composition of forests4.6: Other species gains and losses4.7: Changes to the fire regime4.8: Changes to the forest soil4.9: Forests and atmospheric pollution4.10: Climate change4.11: Conclusion4.12: ReferencesPART 2: The variety of management across European woods and forests5.0: Wood-pastures in Europe5.1: Introduction5.2: Wood-pasture: a multi-purpose system5.3: Historical development of wood-pastures in Europe5.3.1: Forest grazing and pasturing in ancient times5.3.2: Driving the livestock out of the forest (18th-19th centuries)5.3.4: New recognition for wood-pastures?5.4: National inventories of wood-pastures5.5: Wood-pastures as multi-functional landscape elements: past and present5.6: Threats to wood-pastures5.6.1: Management changes5.6.2: Policy mismatch5.6.3: Decline of old, hollowing or dying trees5.6.4: Lack of regeneration5.7: Conclusions5.8: Acknowledgements5.9: References6.0: Coppice silviculture: from the Mesolithic to the 21st century6.1: Introduction6.2: The physiological and evolutionary significance of coppice6.3: Historic development of coppice silviculture6.4: The rise and fall of coppice as an industrial resource6.5: Surviving and neglected coppice in Europe: the extent of the forest estate6.6: Coppice silviculture6.6.1: Cutting methods6.6.2: Time of cutting6.7: Conversion to high forest6.7.1: Coppice versus high forest yields6.8: Reinstating coppice management6.9: Future drivers of change6.10: References7.0: High forest management and the rise of even-aged stands7.1: Introduction7.2: Changing from coppice to high forest systems7.3: The need for new administrative tools7.4: Silvicultural systems7.5: The rise of plantations7.6: Increased use of conifers and introduced species7.7: How forestry is changing7.8: Future high forest and natural forest structures7.9: References8.0: Close-to-nature forestry8.1: Introduction8.2: Roots and pre-requisites8.3: Developments in the 20th century8.4: Ecological implications8.5: Conclusion8.6: References9.0: The impact of hunting on European woodland from medieval to modern9.1: Introduction9.2: Early impacts of hunting9.3: Meat or merit?9.4: Medieval hunting reserves9.5: Early modern hunting parks in Europe9.6: Hunting and the wider landscape9.7: Modern hunting9.7.1: The influence of driven pheasant shoots on British woodland9.7.2: The influence of modern hunting enclosures on Spanish woodland9.8: Conclusion9.9: ReferencesPART 3: How plants and animals have responded to the changing woodland and forest cover.10.0: The flora and fauna of coppice woods: winners and losers of active management or neglect10.1: Introduction10.2: The diversity of coppice10.2.1: Plants10.2.2: Birds10.2.3: Invertebrates10.2.4: Deadwood and associated species10.2.5: Mammals10.3: Impacts of deer browsing on flora and fauna in coppice10.4: Conservation strategies10.5: Short Rotation Coppice10.6: Conclusion10.7: References11.0: The importance of veteran trees for saproxylic insects11.1: Introduction11.2: What are saproxylic species11.3: Veteran trees in past and present landscapes11.4: Important structures and associated species in old trees11.4.1: Microhabitat diversity11.4.2: Tree cavities and their invertebrates11.4.3: Other microhabitats11.5: Effects of environmental factors on the invertebrate fauna11.5.1: Effects of tree characteristics on species assemblages11.5.2: Effects of surrounding landscape on species assemblages11.5.3: Catering for the needs of the adult as well as the larvae11.5.4: Survey methods11.6: Current situation in Europe11.7: How to preserve the specialized saproxylic species?11.7.1: Management for increasing habitat amount and quality11.7.2: Management for securing spatio-temporal continuity11.8: Future prospects11.9: References12.0: The changing fortunes of woodland birds in temperate Europe12.1: Introduction12.2: The birds of the early Holocene12.3: The birds of the wildwood: alternative models of forest dynamics12.3.1: Largely closed forest – ‘closed canopy’ scenario12.3.2: Open mosaic landscape – ‘wood pasture’ scenario12.3.3: Forest-dominated, but more varied – ‘closed but varied’ scenario12.4: Fragmentation of the wildwood12.5: Effects of the historical emergence of management12.6: The age of managed pasture woods and coppice12.7: The shift towards high forest12.8: Woodland birds today12.8.1: Population trends12.8.2: Influences of agriculture12.8.3: Forestry intensification12.8.4: Birds and afforestation12.9: Recent trends12.10: Conclusions12.11: References13.0: Evolution and changes in the understorey of deciduous forests: lagging behind drivers of change13.1: Introduction13.2: Background13.3: What sorts of plants occur in forests?13.4: Comparing ancient and recent forests13.5: Colonization of new forests13.6: Dispersal and recruitment limitation13.7: Changing ancient forests13.7.1: Management effects13.7.2: Effects of environmental changes13.7.3: Effects of grazing13.7.4: Effects of invasive non-native species13.8: Conserving and expanding forests: does it work?13.9: References14.0: Gains and losses in the European mammal fauna14.1: Introduction14.2: Aurochs14.3: The carnivores14.3.1: Wolf14.3.2: Brown bear14.3.3: Lynx14.4: The Beaver14.5: A species that has done too well14.6: The decline and rise of wild boar and deer14.6.1: Wild boar14.6.2: Deer14.7: Conclusion14.8: References15.0: The curious case of the even-aged plantation: wretched, funereal or misunderstood?15.1: Introduction15.2: What is an even-aged plantation?15.3: A brief historical overview of Atlantic spruce forests15.3.1: The dominance of Sitka spruce15.3.2: Breaking up the conifer blanket15.4: Species composition of spruce plantations15.5: Ecological implications of stand dynamics15.5.1: Precursors - the creation of woodland through afforestation (Stage 0)15.5.2: Stand initiation (Stage 1)15.5.3: The impact of stand development – canopy closure and mortality (Stages 2 and 3)15.5.4: Prolonging the rotation and developing multiple storeys (Stage 4)15.5.5: Resetting the woodland through disturbance15.6: Forest design15.7: The landscape setting15.8: Where next?15.9: Conclusions15.10: ReferencesPART 4: A variety of woodland histories.16.0: Historical ecology in modern conservation in Italy16.1: Introduction16.2: Background16.3: The spread of an historical ecological approach in European conservation thinking16.3.1: Forestry versus Woodmanship16.3.2: Woodland or land-bearing-trees16.3.3: The need for an inter-disciplinary approach16.3.4: The role of historical ecology16.4: Integrating Historical and Local Knowledge into Management Strategies16.4.1: An introduction to the case studies16.4.2: Trees and Woodlands Producing Leaf Fodder16.4.3: Trees, woodland and soil fertility16.4.4: The collection of litter16.4.5: Trees invading bogs: an experiment in applied historical ecology16.5: Conclusion16.6: References17.0: Bialowieza Primeval Forest: a 2000-year interplay of environmental and cultural forces in Europe’s best preserved temperate woodland17.1: Introduction17.2: Previous studies17.3: A new palaeo-ecological record for Bialowieza Primeval Forest17.3.1: Methods17.3.2: Results17.4: Archaeological evidence17.5: Archival studies17.5.1: Royal forest of Polish kings17.5.2: Under Russian rule17.5.3: World War I to the present17.5.4: Changes in land use extent and character17.6: Dendro-chronological analyses of fire dynamics17.7: Interplay of natural and cultural forces17.7.1: The Iron Age17.7.2: The Migration Period, mediaeval and early modern times17.7.3: The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries17.7.4: The nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries17.7.5: The recent decades17.8: The role of large herbivores in shaping BNP17.9: Conclusions17.10: Acknowledgements17.11: References18.0: Woodland history in the British Isles - an interaction of environmental and cultural forces.18.1: Introduction18.2: Outline of British woodland history18.3: Historical stages and processes of change18.4: Regions18.4.1: Pre-Neolithic wildwood18.4.2: Exploited wildwood18.4.3: Traditional woodland management18.4.4: Parks, Forests and wooded commons18.4.5: Improved traditional management18.4.6: Plantations18.4.7: Revival and restoration of native woodland18.5: Some consequences of differences in regional history18.6: References19.0: Forest management and species composition: an historical approach in Lorraine, France19.1: Introduction19.2: The study of forest history in France19.3: Historical forest uses and their consequences on forest management19.4: The making of the technical and legislative framework19.5: The consequences of forestry policies on forest composition in woodlands of Lorraine19.6: The modern forest - conclusion19.7: References20.0: Barriers and bridges for sustainable forest management: the role of landscape history in Swedish Bergslagen20.1: Introduction20.2: The European scale20.3: The regional scale20.4: Bergslagen – an introduction20.5: Forests, forest ownership and land use dynamics20.6: Barriers to sustainability20.6.1: Ecological sustainability20.6.2: Economic sustainability20. 6.3: Social and cultural sustainability20.7: Bridges towards sustainable forest management20.8: Discussion20.8.1: From forest history to history of forest landscapes20.8.2: Landscapes with different histories: using space for time substitution20.9: ReferencesPART 5: Lessons from the past for the future?21.0: The development of forest conservation in Europe21.1: Introduction21.2: Why conserve forests?21.2.1: As a spiritual place21.2.2: As a place for the Chase21.2.3: As a source of raw materials and a barrier against the elements21.2.4: For a new form of communing with the forests21.3: Type and extent of Protected Forest Areas21.4: Selection of protected areas21.5: Developing a European perspective21.6: Forest protection and conservation as part of land-use practice.21.7: Rewilding and forest conservation21.8: From the past to the future21.8.1: Conservation for people?21.8.2: What sorts of woods and forests will be conserved in future?21.9: References22.0: The UK’s Ancient Woodland Inventory and its Use22.1: Introduction22.2: Developing the ancient woodland concept22.3: The creation of the ancient woodland inventory22.4: Developing and using the inventories22.4.1: England: the ‘Red Queen’ dilemma22.4.2: Wales22.4.3: Scotland22.4.4: Northern Ireland22.5: Testing the limits of the English inventories22.5.1: Uncertain evidence22.5.2: What is a wood?22.5.3: How small can an ancient wood be?22.6: Conclusion22.7: References23.0: Tree and forest pests and diseases: learning from the past to prepare for the future23.1: Introduction23.2: Background23.2.1: Dutch Elm Disease, Ramorum blight and Ash Dieback23.3: The Dutch Elm Disease outbreak23.4: ‘Sudden Oak Death’ (ramorum blight) in the UK23.5: A landscape without ash?23.6: The lessons from history23.7: References24.0: Reflections24.1: Introduction24.2: Ways of exploring and understanding woodland histories24.3: Issues for the future historian24.4: From cultural landscapes back to wildwood?24.5: Europe’s woods and forests: the future?
