Metabolomics is an emerging technology aimed at providing comprehensive profiles of small-molecule metabolites accumulated in microbes, plants and animals, or in food products derived from these organisms. In this book, experts in the field have contributed eight chapters reviewing the current status of the use of metabolomics in the food and nutritional sciences. Three areas of research are addressed – first, integration of metabolomics into crop improvement programs based upon classical breeding or genetic engineering; second, the role of metabolomics in food quality control, including authentication, safety, predictive modeling of sensory and nutritional attributes, and the analysis of processed foods; finally, the utility of metabolomics in assessing the correlation of dietary composition and human health. Technological advances are continually increasing the utility of metabolomics, and food and nutritional enterprises have much to gain from integrating this technology across the different sectors.