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      • CT Anatomy for Radiotherapy
        Radiotherapy

        CT Anatomy for Radiotherapy

        by Pete Bridge

        Knowledge of CT anatomy is increasingly vital in daily radiotherapy practice, especially with more widespread use of cross-sectional image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) techniques. Existing CT anatomy texts are predominantly written for the diagnostic practitioner and do not always address the radiotherapy issues while emphasising structures that are not common to radiotherapy practice. CT Anatomy for Radiotherapy is a new radiotherapy-specific text that is intended to prepare the reader for CT interpretation for both IGRT and treatment planning. It is suitable for undergraduate students, qualified therapy radiographers, dosimetrists and may be of interest to oncologists and registrars engaged in treatment planning. All essential structures relevant to radiotherapy are described and depicted on 3D images generated from radiotherapy planning systems. System-based labelled CT images taken in relevant imaging planes and patient positions build up understanding of relational anatomy and CT interpretation. Images are accompanied by comprehensive commentary to aid with interpretation. This simplified approach is used to empower the reader to rapidly gain image interpretation skills. The book pays special attention to lymph node identification as well as featuring a unique section on Head and Neck Deep Spaces to help understanding of common pathways of tumour spread. Fully labelled CT images using radiotherapy-specific views and positioning are complemented where relevant by MR and fusion images. A brief introduction to image interpretation using IGRT devices is also covered. The focus of the book is on radiotherapy and some images of common tumour pathologies are utilised to illustrate some relevant abnormal anatomy. Short self-test questions help to keep the reader engaged throughout.

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      • mTOR Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment
        Oncology
        December 2011

        mTOR Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment

        by Leonidas C Platanias

        Increased understanding of the mTOR signaling pathway in relation to malignant cells has prompted extensive efforts to develop new therapeutic approaches. The six chapters of this book summarize the current status of efforts using mTOR inhibitors for the treatment of several malignancies. First generation mTOR inhibitors (rapalogues) are now approved by the US FDA for the treatment of renal cancer, and further new drugs may be approved. There is also hope that the second generation of catalytic inhibitors of mTOR that target both TORC1 and TORC2 complexes will be more powerful and effective antineoplastic agents, and clinical trials using such agents are currently ongoing. This book provides a comprehensive review on the emerging roles of mTOR inhibitors in different malignancies in which they have high therapeutic potential.

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      • Molecular-Based Decision Making for Personalized Cancer Management
        Oncology
        September 2012

        Molecular-Based Decision Making for Personalized Cancer Management

        by Rafael Rosell

        The main goals of this book are to offer a straightforward guide to the wealth of information on cancer genetics currently available in basic scientific journals, and to illustrate the multiple opportunities for application of this knowledge to daily clinical practice. Dr Rosell has convened a team of international experts to highlight the clinical relevance of molecular genetics and signaling pathways in disease and how this understanding can drive informed clinical decision making. There are seven chapters in the book, beginning with gastrointestinal stromal tumors and moving through melanoma, ovarian cancer, triple negative breast cancer, gastric cancer, lung adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma.

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      • Monoclonal Antibodies in Oncology
        Oncology
        April 2013

        Monoclonal Antibodies in Oncology

        by Fatih M Uckun

        Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been developed to improve the treatment outcome of cancer patients undergoing therapy according to multimodality regimens without a significant increase of treatment-associated toxicity. This five-chapter book provides examples where mAbs that have become part of the standard of care in cancer patients and cancer types that have responded to mAbs. Individual chapters devoted to each target cancer type illustrate the importance of recognizing and leveraging the unique features of the respective mAb in order to fully realize their therapeutic potential.

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      • Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting EGFR/HER2 and Clinical Outcomes in Cancer Treatment
        Oncology
        June 2013

        Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting EGFR/HER2 and Clinical Outcomes in Cancer Treatment

        by Jan B Vermorken

        Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have rapidly become one the largest classes of new drugs approved for the treatment of cancer – 14 mAbs have been approved by the US FDA for cancer therapy. This book focuses on mAbs targeting EGFR and HER2 and, in five chapters, summarizes information on the use of these mAbs in colorectal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, genitourinary cancers, tumors of the skin, the CNS and the head and neck, and gynecologic malignancies.

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      • Mucins and Cancer
        Oncology
        December 2013

        Mucins and Cancer

        by Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou, Joy Burchell

        The study of mucins has expanded dramatically as their structure has been elucidated and it has become clear that they play crucial roles in normal physiology and in disease. The characterization of different mucins and the cells which produce them led to the documentation of their expression, not only in normal tissues, but also in many types of cancer, where increased levels of expression can be seen. As a consequence, cell surface mucins have become targets for cancer therapy and have found application as tumor markers. The nine chapters of this book explore the various forms of involvement and variation of mucins in cancer. This overview will encourage further the increasing numbers of collaborations we now see between glycobiologists and clinicians in translational research toward clinical applications of mucin research in cancer management.

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      • Medicine Hands
        Complementary medicine

        Medicine Hands

        Massage Therapy for People With Cancer

        by Gayle MacDonald

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      • Fast Facts: Colorectal Cancer
        Oncology
        January 2010

        Fast Facts: Colorectal Cancer

        by Irving Taylor, Garcia-Aguilar, Robyn Ward

        Early detection is essential if patients are to be offered the best chance of survival from colorectal cancer. Many of the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of this disease are now well recognized. In addition, new drug therapies have changed the way colorectal cancer is treated. Fast Facts: Colorectal Cancer delivers concise and highly practical information on all aspects of this all too common disease. This fully updated third edition provides invaluable information for the primary care team, who are key to the screening and diagnosis of the disease, and essential to the provision of optimal support services. Written by three international specialists, this new edition has been substantially revised and expanded, and includes: discussion of the latest therapeutic developments in both the adjuvant and metastatic setting, updated information on the genetic factors that contribute to development of the disease and expert guidance on diagnosis, screening and treatments. Table of contents: Epidemiology and pathophysiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis and staging Screening and surveillance Treatment of the primary disease Large bowel obstruction Advanced and recurrent disease Multidisciplinary management Future trends

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      • Delivering High-Quality Cancer Care
        Oncology
        December 2013

        Delivering High-Quality Cancer Care

        Charting a New Course for a System in Crisis

        by Laura Levit, Erin Balogh, Sharyl Nass, and Patricia A. Ganz, Editors; Committee on Improving the Quality of Cancer Care: Addressing the Challenges of an Aging Population; Board on Health Care Services; Institute of Medicine

        In the United States, approximately 14 million people have had cancer and more than 1.6 million new cases are diagnosed each year. However, more than a decade after the Institute of Medicine (IOM) first studied the quality of cancer care, the barriers to achieving excellent care for all cancer patients remain daunting. Care often is not patient-centered, many patients do not receive palliative care to manage their symptoms and side effects from treatment, and decisions about care often are not based on the latest scientific evidence. The cost of cancer care also is rising faster than many sectors of medicine--having increased to $125 billion in 2010 from $72 billion in 2004--and is projected to reach $173 billion by 2020. Rising costs are making cancer care less affordable for patients and their families and are creating disparities in patients' access to high-quality cancer care. There also are growing shortages of health professionals skilled in providing cancer care, and the number of adults age 65 and older--the group most susceptible to cancer--is expected to double by 2030, contributing to a 45 percent increase in the number of people developing cancer. The current care delivery system is poorly prepared to address the care needs of this population, which are complex due to altered physiology, functional and cognitive impairment, multiple coexisting diseases, increased side effects from treatment, and greater need for social support. Delivering High-Quality Cancer Care: Charting a New Course for a System in Crisis presents a conceptual framework for improving the quality of cancer care. This study proposes improvements to six interconnected components of care: (1) engaged patients; (2) an adequately staffed, trained, and coordinated workforce; (3) evidence-based care; (4) learning health care information technology (IT); (5) translation of evidence into clinical practice, quality measurement and performance improvement; and (6) accessible and affordable care. This report recommends changes across the board in these areas to improve the quality of care. Delivering High-Quality Cancer Care: Charting a New Course for a System in Crisis provides information for cancer care teams, patients and their families, researchers, quality metrics developers, and payers, as well as HHS, other federal agencies, and industry to reevaluate their current roles and responsibilities in cancer care and work together to develop a higher quality care delivery system. By working toward this shared goal, the cancer care community can improve the quality of life and outcomes for people facing a cancer diagnosis.

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      • For the Record
        Oncology
        June 1997

        For the Record

        Protecting Electronic Health Information

        by Committee on Maintaining Privacy and Security in Health Care Applications of the National Information Infrastructure, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, National Research Council

        When you visit the doctor, information about you may be recorded in an office computer. Your tests may be sent to a laboratory or consulting physician. Relevant information may be transmitted to your health insurer or pharmacy. Your data may be collected by the state government or by an organization that accredits health care or studies medical costs. By making information more readily available to those who need it, greater use of computerized health information can help improve the quality of health care and reduce its costs. Yet health care organizations must find ways to ensure that electronic health information is not improperly divulged. Patient privacy has been an issue since the oath of Hippocrates first called on physicians to "keep silence" on patient matters, and with highly sensitive data--genetic information, HIV test results, psychiatric records--entering patient records, concerns over privacy and security are growing. For the Record responds to the health care industry's need for greater guidance in protecting health information that increasingly flows through the national information infrastructure--from patient to provider, payer, analyst, employer, government agency, medical product manufacturer, and beyond. This book makes practical detailed recommendations for technical and organizational solutions and national-level initiatives. For the Record describes two major types of privacy and security concerns that stem from the availability of health information in electronic form: the increased potential for inappropriate release of information held by individual organizations (whether by those with access to computerized records or those who break into them) and systemic concerns derived from open and widespread sharing of data among various parties. The committee reports on the technological and organizational aspects of security management, including basic principles of security; the effectiveness of technologies for user authentication, access control, and encryption; obstacles and incentives in the adoption of new technologies; and mechanisms for training, monitoring, and enforcement. For the Record reviews the growing interest in electronic medical records; the increasing value of health information to providers, payers, researchers, and administrators; and the current legal and regulatory environment for protecting health data. This information is of immediate interest to policymakers, health policy researchers, patient advocates, professionals in health data management, and other stakeholders.

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      • Breast Cancer
        Oncology
        January 1990

        Breast Cancer

        Setting Priorities for Effectiveness Research

        by Division of Health Care Services

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      • Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer
        Oncology
        February 1991

        Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer

        by Committee on the Relationship Between Oral Contraceptives and BreastCancer, Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

        At least 10.7 million American women use oral contraceptives (OCs). The potential connection with breast cancer has caused concern among these OC users and uncertainty among many of their physicians. This new volume offers the most up-to-date information available on this critical topic. While the best available knowledge does not support any fundamental change in clinical practice with respect to the use of OCs, this book offers specific recommendations for more research to fully resolve the relationship between OCs and breast cancer. Noting consumer confusion, the volume includes a concise summary of benefits, risks, and other practical information for contraceptive users and their doctors. The volume presents current data on changes in patterns of OC use, differences in risk at different ages, the benefits of OCs, and more. Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer will be important reading for obstetricians/gynecologists and other health professionals, their patients who use OCs, contraceptive manufacturers, women's health advocates, policymakers, and researchers.

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      • Advances in Understanding Genetic Changes in Cancer
        Oncology
        February 1992

        Advances in Understanding Genetic Changes in Cancer

        Impact on Diagnosis and Treatment Decisions in the 1990s

        by Division of Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine

        The past 20 years have seen a rapid increase in our understanding of the biology of cancer. And, advances in understanding the genetics of cancer are beginning to have an impact on the clinical management of malignant disease. Many of the genetic changes that underlie malignant transformation of cells and/or that distinguish malignant clones can be used as markers to diagnose, monitor, or characterize various forms of cancer. The purpose of this volume is to assess the current status of genetic testing in cancer management both from the standpoint of those tests and genetic markers that are presently available and from the perspective of genetic approaches to cancer testing that are likely to have an impact on cancer management in the near future.

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      • Developing Technologies for Early Detection of Breast Cancer
        Oncology
        July 2000

        Developing Technologies for Early Detection of Breast Cancer

        A Public Workshop Summary

        by By Laura Newman for the Committee on the Early Detection of Breast Cancer, National Cancer Policy Board, National Research Council

        In November 1999, the Institute of Medicine, in consultation with the Commission on Life Sciences, the Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, and the Board on Science, Technology and Economic Policy launched a one year study on technologies for early detection of breast cancer. The committee was asked to examine technologies under development for early breast cancer detection, and to scrutinize the process of medical technology development, adoption, and dissemination. The committee is gathering information on these topics for its report in a number of ways, including two public workshops that bring in outside expertise. The first workshop on "Developing Technologies for Early Breast Cancer Detection" was held in Washington DC in February 2000. The content of the presentations at the workshop is summarized here. A second workshop, which will focus on the process of technology development and adoption, will be held in Washington, DC on June 19-20. A formal report on these topics, including conclusions and recommendations, will be prepared by the committee upon completion of the one-year study.

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      • Enhancing Data Systems to Improve the Quality of Cancer Care
        Oncology
        October 2000

        Enhancing Data Systems to Improve the Quality of Cancer Care

        by Maria Hewitt and Joseph V. Simone, Editors, National Cancer Policy Board, National Research Council

        One of the barriers to improving the quality of cancer care in the United States is the inadequacy of data systems. Out-of-date or incomplete information about the performance of doctors, hospitals, health plans, and public agencies makes it hard to gauge the quality of care. Augmenting today's data systems could start to fill the gap. This report examines the strengths and weaknesses of current systems and makes recommendations for enhancing data systems to improve the quality of cancer care. The board's recommendations fall into three key areas: Enhance key elements of the data system infrastructure (i.e., quality-of-care measures, cancer registries and databases, data collection technologies, and analytic capacity). Expand support for analyses of quality of cancer care using existing data systems. Monitor the effectiveness of data systems to promote quality improvement within health systems.

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      • Improving Palliative Care for Cancer
        Oncology
        June 2001

        Improving Palliative Care for Cancer

        Summary and Recommendations

        by Kathleen M. Foley and Hellen Gelband, Editors, National Cancer Policy Board, National Research Council

        It is innately human to comfort and provide care to those suffering from cancer, particularly those close to death. Yet what seems self-evident at an individual, personal level has, by and large, not guided policy at the level of institutions in this country. There is no argument that palliative care should be integrated into cancer care from diagnosis to death. But significant barriers-attitudinal, behavioral, economic, educational, and legal-still limit access to care for a large proportion of those dying from cancer, and in spite of tremendous scientific opportunities for medical progress against all the major symptoms associated with cancer and cancer death, public research institutions have not responded. In accepting a single-minded focus on research toward cure, we have inadvertently devalued the critical need to care for and support patients with advanced disease, and their families. This report builds on and takes forward an agenda set out by the 1997 IOM report Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life, which came at a time when leaders in palliative care and related fields had already begun to air issues surrounding care of the dying. That report identified significant gaps in knowledge about care at the end of life and the need for serious attention from biomedical, social science, and health services researchers. Most importantly, it recognized that the impediments to good care could be identified and potentially remedied. The report itself catalyzed further public involvement in specific initiatives-mostly pilot and demonstration projects and programs funded by the nonprofit foundation community, which are now coming to fruition.

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      • Interpreting the Volume-Outcome Relationship in the Context of Cancer Care
        Oncology
        July 2001

        Interpreting the Volume-Outcome Relationship in the Context of Cancer Care

        by Maria Hewitt and Diana Petitti, Editors, National Cancer Policy Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council

        Interpreting the Volume-Outcome Relationship in the Context of Cancer Care is a summary of a workshop held on May 11, 2000, which brought together experts to review evidence of the relationship between volume of services and health-related outcomes for cancer and other conditions, discuss methodological issues related to the interpretation of the association between volume and outcome, assess the applicability of volume as an indicator of quality of care; and identify research needed to better understand the volume--outcome relationship and its application to quality improvement.

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      • Fulfilling the Potential for Cancer Prevention and Early Detection
        Oncology
        May 2003

        Fulfilling the Potential for Cancer Prevention and Early Detection

        by Susan J. Curry, Tim Byers, and Maria Hewitt, Editors, National Research Council

        Cancer ranks second only to heart disease as a leading cause of death in the United States, making it a tremendous burden in years of life lost, patient suffering, and economic costs. Fulfilling the Potential for Cancer Prevention and Early Detection reviews the proof that we can dramatically reduce cancer rates. The National Cancer Policy Board, part of the Institute of Medicine, outlines a national strategy to realize the promise of cancer prevention and early detection, including specific and wide-ranging recommendations. Offering a wealth of information and directly addressing major controversies, the book includes: • A detailed look at how significantly cancer could be reduced through lifestyle changes, evaluating approaches used to alter eating, smoking, and exercise habits. • An analysis of the intuitive notion that screening for cancer leads to improved health outcomes, including a discussion of screening methods, potential risks, and current recommendations. • An examination of cancer prevention and control opportunities in primary health care delivery settings, including a review of interventions aimed at improving provider performance. • Reviews of professional education and training programs, research trends and opportunities, and federal programs that support cancer prevention and early detection. This in-depth volume will be of interest to policy analysts, cancer and public health specialists, health care administrators and providers, researchers, insurers, medical journalists, and patient advocates.

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      • Ensuring Quality Cancer Care
        Oncology
        July 1999

        Ensuring Quality Cancer Care

        by Maria Hewitt and Joseph V. Simone, Editors; National Cancer Policy Board, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council

        We all want to believe that when people get cancer, they will receive medical care of the highest quality. Even as new scientific breakthroughs are announced, though, many cancer patients may be getting the wrong care, too little care, or too much care, in the form of unnecessary procedures. How close is American medicine to the ideal of quality cancer care for every person with cancer? Ensuring Quality Cancer Care provides a comprehensive picture of how cancer care is delivered in our nation, from early detection to end-of-life issues. The National Cancer Policy Board defines quality care and recommends how to monitor, measure, and extend quality care to all people with cancer. Approaches to accountability in health care are reviewed. What keeps people from getting care? The book explains how lack of medical coverage, social and economic status, patient beliefs, physician decision-making, and other factors can stand between the patient and the best possible care. The board explores how cancer care is shaped by the current focus on evidence-based medicine, the widespread adoption of managed care, where services are provided, and who provides care. Specific shortfalls in the care of breast and prostate cancer are identified. A status report on health services research is included. Ensuring Quality Cancer Care offers wide-ranging data and information in clear context. As the baby boomers approach the years when most cancer occurs, this timely volume will be of special interest to health policy makers, public and private healthcare purchasers, medical professionals, patient advocates, researchers, and people with cancer.

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      • The Unequal Burden of Cancer
        Oncology
        May 1999

        The Unequal Burden of Cancer

        An Assessment of NIH Research and Programs for Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved

        by M. Alfred Haynes and Brian D. Smedley, Editors; Committee on Cancer Research Among Minorities and the Medically Underserved, Institute of Medicine

        We know more about cancer prevention, detection, and treatment than ever before--yet not all segments of the U.S. population have benefited to the fullest extent possible from these advances. Some ethnic minorities experience more cancer than the majority population, and poor people--no matter what their ethnicity--often lack access to adequate cancer care. This book provides an authoritative view of cancer as it is experienced by ethnic minorities and the medically underserved. It offers conclusions and recommendations in these areas: Defining and understanding special populations, and improving the collection of cancer-related data. Setting appropriate priorities for and increasing the effectiveness of specific National Institutes of Health (NIH) research programs, to ensure that special populations are represented in clinical trials. Disseminating research results to health professionals serving these populations, with sensitivity to the issues of cancer survivorship. The book provides background data on the nation's struggle against cancer, activities and expenditures of the NIH, and other relevant topics.

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