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      • CT Anatomy for Radiotherapy
        Radiotherapy

        CT Anatomy for Radiotherapy

        by Pete Bridge

        Knowledge of CT anatomy is increasingly vital in daily radiotherapy practice, especially with more widespread use of cross-sectional image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) techniques. Existing CT anatomy texts are predominantly written for the diagnostic practitioner and do not always address the radiotherapy issues while emphasising structures that are not common to radiotherapy practice. CT Anatomy for Radiotherapy is a new radiotherapy-specific text that is intended to prepare the reader for CT interpretation for both IGRT and treatment planning. It is suitable for undergraduate students, qualified therapy radiographers, dosimetrists and may be of interest to oncologists and registrars engaged in treatment planning. All essential structures relevant to radiotherapy are described and depicted on 3D images generated from radiotherapy planning systems. System-based labelled CT images taken in relevant imaging planes and patient positions build up understanding of relational anatomy and CT interpretation. Images are accompanied by comprehensive commentary to aid with interpretation. This simplified approach is used to empower the reader to rapidly gain image interpretation skills. The book pays special attention to lymph node identification as well as featuring a unique section on Head and Neck Deep Spaces to help understanding of common pathways of tumour spread. Fully labelled CT images using radiotherapy-specific views and positioning are complemented where relevant by MR and fusion images. A brief introduction to image interpretation using IGRT devices is also covered. The focus of the book is on radiotherapy and some images of common tumour pathologies are utilised to illustrate some relevant abnormal anatomy. Short self-test questions help to keep the reader engaged throughout.

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      • mTOR Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment
        Oncology
        December 2011

        mTOR Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment

        by Leonidas C Platanias

        Increased understanding of the mTOR signaling pathway in relation to malignant cells has prompted extensive efforts to develop new therapeutic approaches. The six chapters of this book summarize the current status of efforts using mTOR inhibitors for the treatment of several malignancies. First generation mTOR inhibitors (rapalogues) are now approved by the US FDA for the treatment of renal cancer, and further new drugs may be approved. There is also hope that the second generation of catalytic inhibitors of mTOR that target both TORC1 and TORC2 complexes will be more powerful and effective antineoplastic agents, and clinical trials using such agents are currently ongoing. This book provides a comprehensive review on the emerging roles of mTOR inhibitors in different malignancies in which they have high therapeutic potential.

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      • Molecular-Based Decision Making for Personalized Cancer Management
        Oncology
        September 2012

        Molecular-Based Decision Making for Personalized Cancer Management

        by Rafael Rosell

        The main goals of this book are to offer a straightforward guide to the wealth of information on cancer genetics currently available in basic scientific journals, and to illustrate the multiple opportunities for application of this knowledge to daily clinical practice. Dr Rosell has convened a team of international experts to highlight the clinical relevance of molecular genetics and signaling pathways in disease and how this understanding can drive informed clinical decision making. There are seven chapters in the book, beginning with gastrointestinal stromal tumors and moving through melanoma, ovarian cancer, triple negative breast cancer, gastric cancer, lung adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma.

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      • Monoclonal Antibodies in Oncology
        Oncology
        April 2013

        Monoclonal Antibodies in Oncology

        by Fatih M Uckun

        Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been developed to improve the treatment outcome of cancer patients undergoing therapy according to multimodality regimens without a significant increase of treatment-associated toxicity. This five-chapter book provides examples where mAbs that have become part of the standard of care in cancer patients and cancer types that have responded to mAbs. Individual chapters devoted to each target cancer type illustrate the importance of recognizing and leveraging the unique features of the respective mAb in order to fully realize their therapeutic potential.

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      • Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting EGFR/HER2 and Clinical Outcomes in Cancer Treatment
        Oncology
        June 2013

        Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting EGFR/HER2 and Clinical Outcomes in Cancer Treatment

        by Jan B Vermorken

        Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have rapidly become one the largest classes of new drugs approved for the treatment of cancer – 14 mAbs have been approved by the US FDA for cancer therapy. This book focuses on mAbs targeting EGFR and HER2 and, in five chapters, summarizes information on the use of these mAbs in colorectal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, genitourinary cancers, tumors of the skin, the CNS and the head and neck, and gynecologic malignancies.

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      • Mucins and Cancer
        Oncology
        December 2013

        Mucins and Cancer

        by Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou, Joy Burchell

        The study of mucins has expanded dramatically as their structure has been elucidated and it has become clear that they play crucial roles in normal physiology and in disease. The characterization of different mucins and the cells which produce them led to the documentation of their expression, not only in normal tissues, but also in many types of cancer, where increased levels of expression can be seen. As a consequence, cell surface mucins have become targets for cancer therapy and have found application as tumor markers. The nine chapters of this book explore the various forms of involvement and variation of mucins in cancer. This overview will encourage further the increasing numbers of collaborations we now see between glycobiologists and clinicians in translational research toward clinical applications of mucin research in cancer management.

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      • Medicine Hands
        Complementary medicine

        Medicine Hands

        Massage Therapy for People With Cancer

        by Gayle MacDonald

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      • Fast Facts: Colorectal Cancer
        Oncology
        January 2010

        Fast Facts: Colorectal Cancer

        by Irving Taylor, Garcia-Aguilar, Robyn Ward

        Early detection is essential if patients are to be offered the best chance of survival from colorectal cancer. Many of the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of this disease are now well recognized. In addition, new drug therapies have changed the way colorectal cancer is treated. Fast Facts: Colorectal Cancer delivers concise and highly practical information on all aspects of this all too common disease. This fully updated third edition provides invaluable information for the primary care team, who are key to the screening and diagnosis of the disease, and essential to the provision of optimal support services. Written by three international specialists, this new edition has been substantially revised and expanded, and includes: discussion of the latest therapeutic developments in both the adjuvant and metastatic setting, updated information on the genetic factors that contribute to development of the disease and expert guidance on diagnosis, screening and treatments. Table of contents: Epidemiology and pathophysiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis and staging Screening and surveillance Treatment of the primary disease Large bowel obstruction Advanced and recurrent disease Multidisciplinary management Future trends

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      • Delivering High-Quality Cancer Care
        Oncology
        December 2013

        Delivering High-Quality Cancer Care

        Charting a New Course for a System in Crisis

        by Laura Levit, Erin Balogh, Sharyl Nass, and Patricia A. Ganz, Editors; Committee on Improving the Quality of Cancer Care: Addressing the Challenges of an Aging Population; Board on Health Care Services; Institute of Medicine

        In the United States, approximately 14 million people have had cancer and more than 1.6 million new cases are diagnosed each year. However, more than a decade after the Institute of Medicine (IOM) first studied the quality of cancer care, the barriers to achieving excellent care for all cancer patients remain daunting. Care often is not patient-centered, many patients do not receive palliative care to manage their symptoms and side effects from treatment, and decisions about care often are not based on the latest scientific evidence. The cost of cancer care also is rising faster than many sectors of medicine--having increased to $125 billion in 2010 from $72 billion in 2004--and is projected to reach $173 billion by 2020. Rising costs are making cancer care less affordable for patients and their families and are creating disparities in patients' access to high-quality cancer care. There also are growing shortages of health professionals skilled in providing cancer care, and the number of adults age 65 and older--the group most susceptible to cancer--is expected to double by 2030, contributing to a 45 percent increase in the number of people developing cancer. The current care delivery system is poorly prepared to address the care needs of this population, which are complex due to altered physiology, functional and cognitive impairment, multiple coexisting diseases, increased side effects from treatment, and greater need for social support. Delivering High-Quality Cancer Care: Charting a New Course for a System in Crisis presents a conceptual framework for improving the quality of cancer care. This study proposes improvements to six interconnected components of care: (1) engaged patients; (2) an adequately staffed, trained, and coordinated workforce; (3) evidence-based care; (4) learning health care information technology (IT); (5) translation of evidence into clinical practice, quality measurement and performance improvement; and (6) accessible and affordable care. This report recommends changes across the board in these areas to improve the quality of care. Delivering High-Quality Cancer Care: Charting a New Course for a System in Crisis provides information for cancer care teams, patients and their families, researchers, quality metrics developers, and payers, as well as HHS, other federal agencies, and industry to reevaluate their current roles and responsibilities in cancer care and work together to develop a higher quality care delivery system. By working toward this shared goal, the cancer care community can improve the quality of life and outcomes for people facing a cancer diagnosis.

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      • Breast Cancer
        Oncology
        January 1990

        Breast Cancer

        Setting Priorities for Effectiveness Research

        by Division of Health Care Services

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      • Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer
        Oncology
        February 1991

        Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer

        by Committee on the Relationship Between Oral Contraceptives and BreastCancer, Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

        At least 10.7 million American women use oral contraceptives (OCs). The potential connection with breast cancer has caused concern among these OC users and uncertainty among many of their physicians. This new volume offers the most up-to-date information available on this critical topic. While the best available knowledge does not support any fundamental change in clinical practice with respect to the use of OCs, this book offers specific recommendations for more research to fully resolve the relationship between OCs and breast cancer. Noting consumer confusion, the volume includes a concise summary of benefits, risks, and other practical information for contraceptive users and their doctors. The volume presents current data on changes in patterns of OC use, differences in risk at different ages, the benefits of OCs, and more. Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer will be important reading for obstetricians/gynecologists and other health professionals, their patients who use OCs, contraceptive manufacturers, women's health advocates, policymakers, and researchers.

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      • Advances in Understanding Genetic Changes in Cancer
        Oncology
        February 1992

        Advances in Understanding Genetic Changes in Cancer

        Impact on Diagnosis and Treatment Decisions in the 1990s

        by Division of Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine

        The past 20 years have seen a rapid increase in our understanding of the biology of cancer. And, advances in understanding the genetics of cancer are beginning to have an impact on the clinical management of malignant disease. Many of the genetic changes that underlie malignant transformation of cells and/or that distinguish malignant clones can be used as markers to diagnose, monitor, or characterize various forms of cancer. The purpose of this volume is to assess the current status of genetic testing in cancer management both from the standpoint of those tests and genetic markers that are presently available and from the perspective of genetic approaches to cancer testing that are likely to have an impact on cancer management in the near future.

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      • A Foundation for Evidence-Driven Practice
        Oncology
        July 2010

        A Foundation for Evidence-Driven Practice

        A Rapid Learning System for Cancer Care: Workshop Summary

        by Sharon Murphy and Margie Patlak, Rapporteurs; Institute of Medicine

        The IOM's National Cancer Policy Forum held a workshop October 5-6, 2009, to examine how to apply the concept of a 'rapid learning health system' to the problem of cancer. This document summarizes the workshop.

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      • A National Cancer Clinical Trials System for the 21st Century
        Oncology
        July 2010

        A National Cancer Clinical Trials System for the 21st Century

        Reinvigorating the NCI Cooperative Group Program

        by Sharyl J. Nass, Harold L. Moses, and John Mendelsohn, Editors; Committee on Cancer Clinical Trials and the NCI Cooperative Group Program; Institute of Medicine

        The National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Clinical Trials Cooperative Group Program has played a key role in developing new and improved cancer therapies. However, the program is falling short of its potential, and the IOM recommends changes that aim to transform the Cooperative Group Program into a dynamic system that efficiently responds to emerging scientific knowledge; involves broad cooperation of stakeholders; and leverages evolving technologies to provide high-quality, practice-changing research.

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      • Extending the Spectrum of Precompetitive Collaboration in Oncology Research
        Oncology
        September 2010

        Extending the Spectrum of Precompetitive Collaboration in Oncology Research

        Workshop Summary

        by Margie Patlak, Sharyl J. Nass, and Erin Balogh, Rapporteurs; Institute of Medicine

        Despite spending more time and money in developing novel therapeutics, the success rate for new pharmacologic treatments has been poor. Although the research and development expenditures have grown 13 percent each year since 1970 (a 50-fold increase), the number of new drugs approved annually is no greater now than it was 50 years ago. Over the past decade, skyrocketing costs and the complexity of the scientific knowledge upon which to develop new agents have provided incentives for alternative approaches to drug development, if we are to continue to improve clinical care and reduce mortality. These challenges create opportunities for improved collaboration between industry, academia, government, and philanthropic organizations at each stage in new drug development, marketing, and implementation. Perhaps the most appropriate initial step in addressing the need for collaboration is to consider more precompetitive relationships that allow sharing of scientific information to foster drug development. While these collaborative relationships in basic and preclinical research on drug targets and the early stages of clinical testing are acknowledged to be potentially important drivers for innovation and more rapid marketing of new agents, they also raise a number of concerns that must be addressed. For example, acknowledgment of academic productivity and independence and economic competitiveness must be considered and these challenges managed to foster a culture of collaboration. At the same time, regulatory issues, the need for standardization, and intellectual property concerns must be confronted if the current models for drug development are to be refined to encourage robust participation in precompetitive collaborations. Recognizing the growing importance of precompetitive collaborations in oncology drug development, as well as the challenges these innovative collaborations pose, the National Cancer Policy Forum of the Institute of Medicine held a workshop on February 9 and 10, 2010. This book is a summary of the workshop proceedings.

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      • The National Cancer Policy Summit
        Oncology
        May 2011

        The National Cancer Policy Summit

        Opportunities and Challenges in Cancer Research and Care: Workshop Summary

        by Margie Patlak, Sharyl J. Nass, and Erin Balogh, Rapporteurs; National Cancer Policy Forum; Institute of Medicine

        Many ongoing changes are likely to have an impact on cancer research and care. For example, technological advances are rapidly changing the way cancer research is conducted, and the recently passed healthcare reform legislation has many implications for cancer care. Technological advances are altering the way cancer research is conducted and cancer care is delivered, and the recently passed healthcare reform legislation has many implications for cancer care. There is a growing emphasis on molecularly targeted therapies, information technology (IT), and patient-centered care, and clinical cancer research has become a global endeavor. At the same time, there are concerns about shrinking research budgets and escalating costs of cancer care. Considering such changes, the National Cancer Policy Forum (NCPF) of the Institute of Medicine held a National Cancer Policy Summit on October 25, 2010. The Summit convened key leaders in the cancer community to identify and discuss the most pressing policy issues in cancer research and cancer care. The National Cancer Policy Summit: Opportunities and Challenges in Cancer Research and Care is a summary of the summit. The report explores policy issues related to cancer research, the implementation of healthcare reform, delivery of cancer care, and cancer control and public health needs. Expert participants suggested many potential actions to provide patient-centered cancer care, to foster more collaboration, and to achieve other goals to improve research and care.

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      • Patient-Centered Cancer Treatment Planning
        Oncology
        August 2011

        Patient-Centered Cancer Treatment Planning

        Improving the Quality of Oncology Care: Workshop Summary

        by Margie Patlak, Erin Balogh, and Sharyl Nass, Rapporteurs; Institute of Medicine

        Each year approximately 1.5 million people are diagnosed with cancer in the United States, most of whom inevitably face difficult decisions concerning their course of care. Recognizing challenges associated with cancer treatment, the National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship (NCCS) and the National Cancer Policy Forum (NCPF) of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) hosted a public workshop in Washington, DC on February 28 and March 1, 2011, entitled Patient-Centered Cancer Treatment Planning: Improving the Quality of Oncology Care. This workshop summary includes an overview of patient-centered care and cancer treatment planning, as well as subject areas on shared decision making, communication in the cancer care setting, and patient experiences with cancer treatment. Best practices, models of treatment planning, and tools to facilitate their use are also discussed, along with policy changes that may promote patient-centeredness by enhancing patient's understanding of and commitment to the goals of treatment through shared decision-making process with their healthcare team from the moment of diagnosis onward. Moreover, Patient-Centered Cancer Treatment Planning emphasizes treatment planning for patients with cancer at the time diagnosis.

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      • Facilitating Collaborations to Develop Combination Investigational Cancer Therapies
        Oncology
        February 2012

        Facilitating Collaborations to Develop Combination Investigational Cancer Therapies

        Workshop Summary

        by Margie Patlak, Erin Balogh, and Sharyl J. Nass, Rapporteurs; National Cancer Policy Forum; Institute of Medicine

        Advances in biomedical research have increased our understanding of the complex nature of disease and the interaction of multiple molecular pathways involved in cancer. Combining investigational products early in their development is thought to be a promising strategy for identifying effective therapies. The IOM's National Cancer Policy Forum held a workshop to discuss challenges and identify potential solutions to improve collaboration and advance the development of combination investigational cancer therapies.

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      • Breast Cancer and the Environment
        Oncology
        March 2012

        Breast Cancer and the Environment

        A Life Course Approach

        by Committee on Breast Cancer and the Environment: The Scientific Evidence, Research Methodology, and Future Directions; Institute of Medicine

        Breast cancer remains the most common invasive cancer among women. The primary patients of breast cancer are adult women who are approaching or have reached menopause; 90 percent of new cases in U.S. women in 2009 were diagnosed at age 45 or older. Growing knowledge of the complexity of breast cancer stimulated a transition in breast cancer research toward elucidating how external factors may influence the etiology of breast cancer. Breast Cancer and the Environment reviews the current evidence on a selection of environmental risk factors for breast cancer, considers gene-environment interactions in breast cancer, and explores evidence-based actions that might reduce the risk of breast cancer. The book also recommends further integrative research into the elements of the biology of breast development and carcinogenesis, including the influence of exposure to a variety of environmental factors during potential windows of susceptibility during the full life course, potential interventions to reduce risk, and better tools for assessing the carcinogenicity of environmental factors. For a limited set of risk factors, evidence suggests that action can be taken in ways that may reduce risk for breast cancer for many women: avoiding unnecessary medical radiation throughout life, avoiding the use of some forms of postmenopausal hormone therapy, avoiding smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, increasing physical activity, and minimizing weight gain. Breast Cancer and the Environment sets a direction and a focus for future research efforts. The book will be of special interest to medical researchers, patient advocacy groups, and public health professionals.

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      • El Cancer de Mama y el Medio Ambiente: Preguntas y Respuestas
        Oncology
        July 1970

        El Cancer de Mama y el Medio Ambiente: Preguntas y Respuestas

        Spanish Version

        by Institute of Medicine

        Throughout their lives, women have experiences and make decisions that can influence their chances of getting breast cancer. While we have little control over some of these risk factors, we can sometimes make choices - good or bad - that affect our risk of getting breast cancer. In a 2011 Institute of Medicine report, obesity, alcohol consumptions, and some medical treatments were found to raise these risks at least a little. For other factors, the evidence wasn\'t as clear. Look through this question and answer booklet, available in Spanish, to learn more.

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