An image of the other was represented in the Islamic heritage during the medieval era, which was formulated from a cultural domain full of a homogeneous belief system, which differed altogether from the system of the other, which proved that its cultural, historical and civilizational reality was not formed by proving itself except through denial, exclusion, and distortion of the image of the other, unlike what It was in the Islamic community during long periods of its history.

Accordingly, defining the essence of the relationship with the other in the Islamic world does not cease to monitor the reality of the Islamic community in the medieval era, for the civilizational and cultural value of it is represented by the bright human principles it has achieved, which exceeded its limits to spread its humanity to others, even if they have different religion, gender and language, and the resulting successive social interactions associated with those societies and regions that submitted to Islamic sovereignty.

The Islamic society became a social and societal melting pot in which civilizations were mixed since the many people of open areas entered Islam, in addition to the intermix and contact between Muslims and others. So the Islamic society became a pot in which those cultures and religions - especially the Jews - melted, so they became an integral part of the Islamic society's social fabric during the medieval era, so they assumed a distinguished position formed through the state of coexistence and tolerance that existed, so they integrated into the society, performed works and participated in many activities.

This book comes as an attempt to understand the social and economic situation of the other - the Jewish community - in the Islamic society by analyzing the reality deduced from the Geniza documents, and trying to answer some questions, including: How did the members of the Jewish community live in the Islamic community? Did social factors affect it? How was its structure and economic structure? What are its commercial sources? And the size of its economic relations in the Islamic metropolis? All these questions stem from the concept of the other in the Islamic society during the medieval era.