This report evaluates the eighth Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) review conference, which was held May 3–28, 2010, in New York, and examines the core issues debated at the conference: nuclear proliferation, nuclear disarmament, access to peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and the creation of a weapons of mass destruction–free zone in the Middle East. Although it finds that the conference was a qualified success, it warns that states parties must fulfill the commitments made there to ensure the future of the treaty. The report is informed by the author’s experiences as an active participant in and observer of the nonproliferation debates that have taken place over the past three decades.