Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions causing sustained postures and/or patterned and often repetitive movements. It is one of the most difficult movement disorders to diagnose and treat, given its clinical and etiological heterogeneity. New insights from genetics, pathophysiology and treatment have revolutionized our approach to patients with dystonia. Each of the seven chapters of this book addresses these recent advances starting with a phenomenological description, in which the main clinical features needed to reach a correct diagnosis are illustrated. New insights from pathophysiology are highlighted, pointing out the contribution of both the basal ganglia–sensorimotor and the cerebello–thalamo–cortical networks in the generation of dystonic symptoms. Moreover, the book also covers the recent advances in the genetic field, such as the recent gene discoveries for monogenic dystonias.